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THE PATHOLOGY OF MELANOMA:
AN INTERNATIONAL COURSE
APRIL 11 & 12, 2024
// OBJECTIVE
Following the success of our Courses in 2017, 2018, 2020, and 2022 the objective of the Fifth International Melanoma Course in 2024 will continue to stress due diligence and practical diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. We will emphasize the theme of “Acknowledging uncertainty and avoiding over diagnosis of melanoma”, as well as updates of all cutting-edge knowledge on difficult melanocytes lesions relevant to practicing pathologists and clinicians.
This 2024 venue will again include expertise from the SIRIC (Integrated Cancer Research Site at Institut Curie), the WHO 5th Edition Classification of Melanocytic Tumours, the revised MPATH-Dx Classification schema (2023), the MPATH Group, and the International Melanoma Pathology Study Group.
// THE REVISED MPATH-Dx CLASSIFICATION
- The revised MPATH (Version 2.0) schema provides a simplified two category system for benign melanocytic lesions: Class I. Low-grade and Class II. High-grade lesions. Practical criteria allow for the mapping of all benign melanocytic lesions with diverse terminologies into these categories.
- The classification of melanoma is refined by the recognition of a low-risk category of T1a melanoma in the new Class III.
- The schema provides estimates of risk for disease progression and guidelines for practical management.
// THE COURSE PROGRAMME AND CONTENT
- The Course will consist of didactic lectures and interactive sessions during the two-day program.
- An approach of practical diagnosis is based on the extensive experience of the international faculty in the Course.
- The latest advances in ancillary diagnostic techniques including immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics will be emphasized.
- Particular attention will be given to predictive biomarkers for targeted, immune and checkpoint inhibitors therapies.
Faculty
Directors
Director of the course
Course Director
Pr Raymond Barnhill
Director of the course
Raymond L. Barnhill is currently Professor of Pathology at the Institut Curie, and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Dr. Barnhill received his MD degree from Duke University and was a postdoctoral fellow and graduate student in the University of Oxford. He has trained as a dermatologist, anatomic pathologist, and dermatopathologist.
His academic and research interests have largely been associated with the biology of melanocytic lesions and melanoma, but also all aspects of dermatopathology and more recently ophthalmic pathology. He has held major academic leadership appointments including Director of Dermatopathology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Director of Dermatopathology (tenured professor) at Johns Hopkins University. Pr Barnhill has founded both the North American Melanoma Pathology Study Group and in 2007 the International Melanoma Pathology Study Group, of which he is currently President.
He has also been an active member of the WHO Melanoma Program and the EORTC Melanoma Group and many other professional societies. In 2011, he received the Founder’s Award from the American Society of Dermatopathology. Pr Barnhill is the author of a substantial number of original articles, chapters and reviews, and the author, co-author, or editor of five books, including three leading textbooks in dermatopathology and the pathology of melanoma.
Director
Pr Boris Bastian
Dr. Boris Bastian received his MD degree and Dr. med degree from the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich. After completing a residency in dermatology at the University of Wurzburg, he received additional training in dermatopathology and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco before joining the institution’s faculty and starting his research laboratory at UCSF’s Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. In 2010 he moved to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center to become Chairman of the Department of Pathology. In 2011 he returned to UCSF where he holds the title of Gerson and Barbara Bakar Distinguished Professor of Cancer Biology. He founded and directs the Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory at UCSF, which performs molecular diagnostics for patients of the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. He has clinical responsibilities in the Dermatopathology Section of the Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, where he also oversees the molecular diagnostic laboratory.
Dr. Bastian’s research laboratory focuses on the molecular genetics of cutaneous neoplasms, with a particular emphasis on the discovery of genetic alterations useful for diagnosis, classification, and therapy. His laboratory has contributed to the discovery of several genetic alterations in melanocytic neoplasia that are relevant for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes and to the current WHO classification of melanocytic neoplasms. He served as the President of the Society of Melanoma Research from 2010 to 2013. He has received numerous awards for his work including the election to the German National Academy of Sciences, the Lila Gruber Award for Cancer Research of the American Academy of Dermatology, and an Outstanding Investigator Award of the National Cancer Institute. .
Director
Pr Klaus Busam
Current position:
Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Director of Dermatopathology and Director of Immunohistochemistry
Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065
Training:
Medical school – University of Freiburg, Germany
Postdoctoral research at NCI/NIH
Residency in Anatomic Pathology and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Fellowship in Dermatopathology under Dr. Barnhill
Director
Pr David Elder
David Elder is Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, which is the oldest teaching hospital in the United States. He trained in New Zealand at the University of Otago with John Blennerhassett MD, and with Vincent McGovern, MD of the Sydney Melanoma Unit in Australia. He then moved to Philadelphia, initially with Wallace H Clark Jr., MD at Temple University and then at the University of Pennsylvania where Ted Enterline, MD was Director of Anatomic Pathology and a strong influence. Dr Elder was Vice Chair and Director for Anatomic Pathology in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine from 1999 through 2011, and currently leads its Dermatopathology Program within the Section of Surgical Pathology.
In 2004 he was made a Distinguished Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and in 2011 he was honored with a Life Membership of the British Society for Dermatopathology. He is a founding member of the Penn Melanoma and Pigmented Lesion Study Group (founded by Wallace Clark) since 1978, leading its pathology component for many of these years. During this time, this group described dysplastic nevi, and defined the radial and vertical growth phases of melanoma. In other studies, prognostic models for melanoma were developed, using histopathologic and other markers. These have included proliferation markers, and markers of the tumor host response. The group has also been closely involved with the development of new targeted therapies and of immunotherapy for melanoma.
Dr. Elder has also been a leading member of the Melanoma Genetics Consortium (Genomel), serving as Principal Investigator of an NIH grant supporting this program for 10 years. This group has defined the biology of genes that convey risk for the development of melanoma in Europe, Australia and the Americas. Dr. Elder has published over 200 peer-reviewed scientific articles and reviews, mostly in the field of melanoma and related conditions. In addition, he has authored or edited several textbooks, including the 3rd and 4th series US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Fascicles on Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin, and the latest four editions of “Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin”. Other publications include the Atlas and Synopsis of Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin which is in its 3rd Edition and presents a unified pattern classification system for inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases, complementing the “Big Lever”.
He has also edited a series of monographs called Consultant Pathology, and is currently serving as the Lead Editor for the latest revision of the WHO “Blue Book” on classification of skin neoplasms. Dr Elder continues to pursue his interests in the classification and diagnosis of skin disease and in particular the diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma and other melanocytic tumors, and regularly participates in the clinical activities of his specialty at Penn.
Director
Pr Richard Scolyer
Conjoint Medical Director, Melanoma Institute Australia
Senior Staff Specialist, Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney
Clinical Professor, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney
National Health and Medical Research Council Practitioner Fellow
Richard Scolyer studied medicine at the University of Tasmania (BMedSci, MBBS). After completing clinical training in Australia and overseas, he undertook pathology training at the Canberra Hospital and at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital leading to Fellowship of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Richard is currently Consultant Pathologist and Co-Director of Research, Melanoma Institute Australia; Senior Staff Specialist, Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney; and Clinical Professor, The University of Sydney.
Richard has presented on more than 150 occasions at conferences throughout the world, and is a co- author of more than 400 articles and book chapters on melanocytic pathology and related research. In 2006, Richard was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine by The University of Sydney for his thesis of publications on melanocytic pathology. He received a NSW Premier’s Award for Outstanding Cancer Research in 2009 and 2012 and the Thomson Reuters 2015 Citation Award in the Clinical Medicine category. Richard is Vice Chair of the Melanoma Expert Panel of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) for the 8th edition of their Cancer Staging System, an editorial board member of the American Journal of Surgical Pathology, a member of the International Editorial Advisory Board of Histopathology and Senior Associate Editor of Pathology. Richard is currently President of the Australasian Division of the International Academy of Pathology. Together with other MIA colleagues, Richard is chief investigator on a 5 year NHMRC program grant and has a personal Fellowship from the NHMRC.
List of speakers
Course Director
Pr Raymond Barnhill
Director of the course
Raymond L. Barnhill is currently Professor of Pathology at the Institut Curie, and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Dr. Barnhill received his MD degree from Duke University and was a postdoctoral fellow and graduate student in the University of Oxford. He has trained as a dermatologist, anatomic pathologist, and dermatopathologist.
His academic and research interests have largely been associated with the biology of melanocytic lesions and melanoma, but also all aspects of dermatopathology and more recently ophthalmic pathology. He has held major academic leadership appointments including Director of Dermatopathology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Director of Dermatopathology (tenured professor) at Johns Hopkins University. Pr Barnhill has founded both the North American Melanoma Pathology Study Group and in 2007 the International Melanoma Pathology Study Group, of which he is currently President.
He has also been an active member of the WHO Melanoma Program and the EORTC Melanoma Group and many other professional societies. In 2011, he received the Founder’s Award from the American Society of Dermatopathology. Pr Barnhill is the author of a substantial number of original articles, chapters and reviews, and the author, co-author, or editor of five books, including three leading textbooks in dermatopathology and the pathology of melanoma.
Director
Pr Boris Bastian
Dr. Boris Bastian received his MD degree and Dr. med degree from the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich. After completing a residency in dermatology at the University of Wurzburg, he received additional training in dermatopathology and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco before joining the institution’s faculty and starting his research laboratory at UCSF’s Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. In 2010 he moved to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center to become Chairman of the Department of Pathology. In 2011 he returned to UCSF where he holds the title of Gerson and Barbara Bakar Distinguished Professor of Cancer Biology. He founded and directs the Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory at UCSF, which performs molecular diagnostics for patients of the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. He has clinical responsibilities in the Dermatopathology Section of the Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, where he also oversees the molecular diagnostic laboratory.
Dr. Bastian’s research laboratory focuses on the molecular genetics of cutaneous neoplasms, with a particular emphasis on the discovery of genetic alterations useful for diagnosis, classification, and therapy. His laboratory has contributed to the discovery of several genetic alterations in melanocytic neoplasia that are relevant for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes and to the current WHO classification of melanocytic neoplasms. He served as the President of the Society of Melanoma Research from 2010 to 2013. He has received numerous awards for his work including the election to the German National Academy of Sciences, the Lila Gruber Award for Cancer Research of the American Academy of Dermatology, and an Outstanding Investigator Award of the National Cancer Institute. .
Director
Pr Klaus Busam
Current position:
Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Director of Dermatopathology and Director of Immunohistochemistry
Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065
Training:
Medical school – University of Freiburg, Germany
Postdoctoral research at NCI/NIH
Residency in Anatomic Pathology and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Fellowship in Dermatopathology under Dr. Barnhill
Speakers
Pr Ian Cree
Ian Cree MBChB, PhD, FRCPath
Ian Cree is a pathologist, recently retired from his post as an international civil servant, based at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Lyon where he lead the WHO Classification of Tumours, responsible for the ‘WHO Blue Books ’and the Evidence Synthesis and Classification branch, responsible for the IARC Monographs and the IARC Handbooks. He is an Honorary Professor of Pathology at the Institute of Ophthalmology, part of University College London; and at the University of Coventry. He has previously held posts as the foundation Yvonne Carter Professor of Pathology at Warwick Medical School, Consultant Pathologist at University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Professor of Histopathology at the University of Portsmouth and as the founding Director of the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme for the UK National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Evaluation Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre. Until April 2015 he was a member of the UK National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) Diagnostics Advisory Committee, joining at its inception. He was founding Chair of the Inter-specialty Committee on Molecular Pathology for the Royal College of Pathologists (2011 – 2015) and chaired its Research Committee (2015 – 2017). Trained as a general pathologist with a PhD in immunology, Ian’s research caree has been based on investigating disease mechanisms to improve diagnosis and treatment, particularly for cancer. He has a developed a number of molecular diagnostics methods and led the UK Early Cancer Detection Consortium (2012 – 2017). He has a major interest in the management of translational research. He has published more than 300 papers, and 11 books.
Speakers
Pr Lyn Duncan
Dr. Lyn McDivitt Duncan is a Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School and Dermatopathologist at the Massachusetts General Hospital, where she has been a member of the Dermatopathology faculty over thirty years, having trained with Dr. Martin C. Mihm, Jr. and Dr. Raymond Barnhill. During her tenure at Harvard, she has served as Program Director of the Harvard Dermatopathology Training program, Chief of the MGH Dermatopathology Unit, Co-Director of the Harvard Skin SPORE, and President of the American Society of Dermatopathology. Dr. Duncan’s expertise and scholarly work is focused on melanocytic neoplasia and cutaneous lymphoma. Her work in low-grade B cell lymphoma has led to revised classifications schemes and improved diagnostic platforms for these mimics of reactive cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates. In the melanocytic tumor arena, her work includes the identification of prognostic factors in early-stage melanoma, pregnancy-associated melanoma, the high metastatic rate associated with atypical Spitz tumors, classification of bi-phenotypic melanocytic tumors including combined nevi and BAP1 inactivated melanocytoma, and variables in sentinel lymph node analytical platforms, all in the context of correlation with patient outcomes. Her diagnostic, investigative and mentorship roles at Harvard and MGH are enhanced by active participation in numerous professional societies and workgroups, including the International Melanoma Pathology Study Group.
Director
Pr David Elder
David Elder is Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, which is the oldest teaching hospital in the United States. He trained in New Zealand at the University of Otago with John Blennerhassett MD, and with Vincent McGovern, MD of the Sydney Melanoma Unit in Australia. He then moved to Philadelphia, initially with Wallace H Clark Jr., MD at Temple University and then at the University of Pennsylvania where Ted Enterline, MD was Director of Anatomic Pathology and a strong influence. Dr Elder was Vice Chair and Director for Anatomic Pathology in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine from 1999 through 2011, and currently leads its Dermatopathology Program within the Section of Surgical Pathology.
In 2004 he was made a Distinguished Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and in 2011 he was honored with a Life Membership of the British Society for Dermatopathology. He is a founding member of the Penn Melanoma and Pigmented Lesion Study Group (founded by Wallace Clark) since 1978, leading its pathology component for many of these years. During this time, this group described dysplastic nevi, and defined the radial and vertical growth phases of melanoma. In other studies, prognostic models for melanoma were developed, using histopathologic and other markers. These have included proliferation markers, and markers of the tumor host response. The group has also been closely involved with the development of new targeted therapies and of immunotherapy for melanoma.
Dr. Elder has also been a leading member of the Melanoma Genetics Consortium (Genomel), serving as Principal Investigator of an NIH grant supporting this program for 10 years. This group has defined the biology of genes that convey risk for the development of melanoma in Europe, Australia and the Americas. Dr. Elder has published over 200 peer-reviewed scientific articles and reviews, mostly in the field of melanoma and related conditions. In addition, he has authored or edited several textbooks, including the 3rd and 4th series US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Fascicles on Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin, and the latest four editions of “Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin”. Other publications include the Atlas and Synopsis of Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin which is in its 3rd Edition and presents a unified pattern classification system for inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases, complementing the “Big Lever”.
He has also edited a series of monographs called Consultant Pathology, and is currently serving as the Lead Editor for the latest revision of the WHO “Blue Book” on classification of skin neoplasms. Dr Elder continues to pursue his interests in the classification and diagnosis of skin disease and in particular the diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma and other melanocytic tumors, and regularly participates in the clinical activities of his specialty at Penn.
Speakers
Dr Arnaud de la Fourchadière
Arnaud de la Fouchardière is a pathologist working in the Cancer Care Hospital in Lyon (France). As a fellow he has received training both in clinical dermatology and pathology in Lyon’s university hospital. His initial pathology/research projects including his medical and PhD thesis were centered on cutaneous B-cell lymphomas, especially marginal zone lymphomas. During those research years he became familiar with cytogenetic studies (FISH and old-school CGH techniques) and other molecular tools.
In 2004, he takes over a position as assistant in the pathology department of Lyon’s cancer care hospital and becomes the pupil of Christiane Bailly (France’s leading pathologist in the field of melanocytic tumors). During the five years prior to Christiane’s retirement he will receive intensive training in melanocytic consultation cases. Since 2009, he occupies a very unusual position as a general pathologist with expertise in melanocytic tumors. He receives over 2000 consultation cases a year (99% are melanocytic).
He has gradually built a diagnostic research team called «Melanoledge” aiming to combine clinical, pathological, genetic and molecular data in order to have a better insight on the genesis of nevi and melanomas. This integrative ancillary diagnostic approach is layered by a morphologic and immunohistochemical screening selecting the few cases eligible for molecular testing such as CGH –array and FISH techniques. Although his position is unbound to medical schools/universities, he is strongly engaged in teaching: he gives twice a year a 3 day course on melanocytic tumors with some colleagues, he teaches pathology residents and has been among the first to perform interactive online teaching (webinars sessions) on the use of immunohistochemistry in melanocytic tumors.
SPEAKERS
Matthew Goldberg, M.D.
Dr. Matthew Goldberg has served as our Senior Vice President, Medical, since May 2023. Dr. Goldberg joined Castle in August 2020 as our Medical Director. Prior to joining Castle, Dr. Goldberg was an Assistant Professor in Dermatology and Pathology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York and retains his affiliation as an Assistant Clinical Professor of Dermatology. Before joining the Mount Sinai Dermatology faculty, Dr. Goldberg directed Dermatopathology education for the MedStar Georgetown/Washington Hospital Center dermatology residency program. Dr. Goldberg has a background in translational melanoma research and received the Dermatology Foundation Dermatopathology Research Career Development Award for his research in the field of melanoma epigenetics.
Dr. Goldberg graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University and received his medical degree from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, where he graduated with distinction in research. Dr. Goldberg completed his dermatology residency at the University of California, San Francisco, and completed a dermatopathology fellowship at the University of Texas Southwestern. Dr. Goldberg is board certified in dermatology and dermatopathology.
Speakers
Dr Claire Lugassy
Claire Lugassy is currently pursuing her research on the mechanism of metastasis in the Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris France.
Dr. Lugassy received her M.D. from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris, France.Paris, and a Certificate of General and Experimental Oncology from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris and Institute Pasteur.
Dr. Lugassy has held academic appointments at Cochin Hospital, Paris France, Johns Hopkins University, USA, and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) USA.
For more than 20 years she has investigated the significance of the association between tumor cells and the abluminal surface of vessels.
With Dr. Raymond Barnhill she has developed the concept of angiotropism, pericytic mimicry and extravascular migratory metastasis: an embryogenesis-derived program of tumor spread.
This recent field of cancer research questioned the paradigm that tumor cells metastasize exclusively via circulation within vascular channels, and may greatly influence the development of new effective therapeutics for metastasis.
Speakers
Dr Denis Malaise
Dr Denis Malaise is ophthalmologist at Institut Curie. He is entirely dedicated to ocular tumors, such as uveal melanoma, conjunctival tumors or retinoblastoma. He is also completing a PhD on the creation of preclinical models of intraocular tumors and their use for the development of new treatment modalities.
Speakers
Dr Alexandre Matet
Alexandre Matet, MD, PhD, is ocular oncologist and surgeon at Institut Curie, France, involved in adult and pediatric eye tumors. His main research interests focus on post radiation retinal damage after treatment of uveal melanoma, and retinoblastoma genetics.
Director
Pr Richard Scolyer
Conjoint Medical Director, Melanoma Institute Australia
Senior Staff Specialist, Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney
Clinical Professor, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney
National Health and Medical Research Council Practitioner Fellow
Richard Scolyer studied medicine at the University of Tasmania (BMedSci, MBBS). After completing clinical training in Australia and overseas, he undertook pathology training at the Canberra Hospital and at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital leading to Fellowship of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Richard is currently Consultant Pathologist and Co-Director of Research, Melanoma Institute Australia; Senior Staff Specialist, Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney; and Clinical Professor, The University of Sydney.
Richard has presented on more than 150 occasions at conferences throughout the world, and is a co- author of more than 400 articles and book chapters on melanocytic pathology and related research. In 2006, Richard was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine by The University of Sydney for his thesis of publications on melanocytic pathology. He received a NSW Premier’s Award for Outstanding Cancer Research in 2009 and 2012 and the Thomson Reuters 2015 Citation Award in the Clinical Medicine category. Richard is Vice Chair of the Melanoma Expert Panel of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) for the 8th edition of their Cancer Staging System, an editorial board member of the American Journal of Surgical Pathology, a member of the International Editorial Advisory Board of Histopathology and Senior Associate Editor of Pathology. Richard is currently President of the Australasian Division of the International Academy of Pathology. Together with other MIA colleagues, Richard is chief investigator on a 5 year NHMRC program grant and has a personal Fellowship from the NHMRC.
NON EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF TOPICS
- WHO 5th Edition update of melanocytic tumours
- New MPATH-Dx V2.0 Schema
- General approach to the difficult melanocytic lesion
- Congenital nevi and related lesions
- Acquired melanocytic nevi and including unusual and special variants
- Dysplastic nevi
- Spitzoid melanocytic neoplasms
- Blue nevi and atypical variants
- Nevoid melanoma
- Lentigo maligna melanoma
- Desmoplastic melanoma
- Melanoma arising in blue nevus
- Conventional cutaneous melanoma
- Pediatric melanoma
- Acral melanoma
- Mucosal melanoma
- Melanocytic lesions of the nail apparatus
- Conjunctival melanocytic lesions including nevi and melanosis
- Conjunctival melanoma
- Uveal melanoma
- Angiotropic extravascular migratory metastasis
- AJCC guidelines (8th Edition) for cutaneous and ocular melanoma staging
- Practical immunohistochemistry
- Practical molecular analysis of melanocytic lesions
- Immune checkpoint pathways
- The reporting of melanoma and prognostic factors
- What the clinician expects from the pathologist